The pharmacokinetics and safety of azithromycin were evaluated in two clinical trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) that were conducted in Mexico (the first to be published). In Study 1, azithromycin, at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day, was significantly associated with an increase in the rate of clearance and total serum drug concentration. In Study 2, azithromycin was associated with a reduction in the mean apparent volume of distribution, and the mean apparent volume of distribution was significantly increased. There were no differences in the incidence or rate of dose-limiting toxicity in either of these two studies. These results demonstrate that azithromycin is a useful and safe alternative to amoxicillin for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. Azithromycin, therefore, is a suitable alternative for the treatment of sinusitis caused by susceptible organisms, and it should be prescribed with caution in patients who are at high risk for the development of the infection.
Citation:Bastie L, Mosel R, Lecure N (2022) Azithromycin, a new antibiotic of azithromycin, for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. PLoS ONE 16(4): e104896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112119
Editor:Petril G. Cauchon, University of Pittsburgh, UNITED STATES
Received:March 23, 2022;Accepted:September 8, 2022;Published:October 15, 2022
Copyright:© 2022astie. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the manuscript and its files.
Funding:This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health and supported by the National Research Service (IRP) under grant number R01EE07903 from the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The antibiotic azithromycin is used in several ways for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults and children. It is a macrolide which has a broad spectrum of activity against a wide variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and has a lower risk of development of resistance to other macrolide antibiotics [,].
In Mexico, azithromycin is available as oral capsules, tablets and topical gels. Oral azithromycin is available in powder form as liquid suspension, and its formulations are available as oral tablets. The formulation of azithromycin is a macrolide which is a member of the macrolide group and was previously used to treat anaerobic infections []. Azithromycin, also known as azithromycin, is available as a generic version of the macrolide antibiotic (macrolide-penicillins) []. It has been shown to be active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and it is also active against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. In Mexico, azithromycin is also available as oral capsules, tablets and topical gels.
The mechanism of action for azithromycin is thought to be due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome []. It is an antibiotic that is active against bothSalmonellaandMycoplasmaspecies []. It is also active againstE. colicloacae, bothS. pneumoniaeP. aeruginosaand its major circulating form ofC. albicans. The mechanism of action of azithromycin in the treatment of sinusitis is thought to be due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis [].
The first azithromycin was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis [].
WARNING:
Do not use: if you are allergic to Zithromax, Azithromycin, any antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics for the treatment of chronic prostatitis or other related conditions, or any of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet.
Ask a doctor before use if you have any of the following conditions:
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding
Ask a health professional before use if you are pregnant or may become pregnant, or
Do not use if foil is used with Zithromax
Keep out of reach of children.
Ingredients
Active Ingredient: Azithromycin (as hydrochloride)
Contains:
Active Ingredients: Azithromycin (as hydrochloride)
Active Ingredient: Hydroxyzine (as hydroxyzine hydrochloride)
Excipients: Purified Water, Dyes, Wax, Lubricants, Corn Starch, Crospovid, Iron Oxide, Magnesium Stearate, Polyethylene Glycol, Povidone, Polysorbate, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Xanthan Gum
Active Ingredient: Purified Water
Excipients: Wax, Povidone, Polysorbate, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Xanthan Gum
Powder for oral suspension: Azithromycin (as hydrochloride)
Powder for injection: Azithromycin (as hydrochloride)
Dosing Information:
Zithromax is a macrolide antibiotic. Zithromax should be used with caution in the elderly and children over 14 years of age.
The following excipients are included in this list:
The dosage of Zithromax depends on the condition being treated, the severity of the infection, and the individual patient's condition. Dosage may vary from adult to child.
The usual adult dosage is 200 mg twice daily for 5 to 10 days.
The dosage for children and adults can be determined by a doctor.
This medication should only be given to the child or child in a dose that is known to be effective for the child or child and the specific dose that is being given. Dosage may vary based on age, weight, and the type of infection.
Chloramphenicol
The use of this drug is contraindicated because the use of chloramphenicol will increase the effect of Sildenafil by affecting the patient hepatic and intestinal enzyme metabolism.
Isosorbide dinitrate
The use of this drug is contraindicated because the combination of this drug either increases the effects of the other by vasodilation which leads to fatal hypotension.
Nitroprusside sodium
The use of this drug is contraindicated because the combination of this drug either increases the effects of the others by pharmacodynamic synergism.
Enzalutamide
Use alternative drugs because the use of enzalutamide will decrease the effect of Sildenafil by affecting patient hepatic and intestinal enzyme metabolism.
Acetazolamide
Therapy should be administered with caution because the use of Sildenafil increases the effect of acetazolamide by pharmacodynamic synergism and it also increases the risk of hypotension.
The use of this medicine can lower blood pressure and when combining it with alcohol further increases the effect. You may experience dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, flushing, headache, and heart palpitation. Also, avoid consuming grapefruit juice because it may increase the effect of avanafil on blood levels.
Cardiovascular disease:
The use of phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme inhibitors is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease. A doctor should consider the vasodilatory effects of this drug and whether they may affect patients with cardiovascular disease. The use of this drug may increase the risk of angina pectoris, AV block, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, tachycardia, palpitation, hypotension, postural hypotension, syncope, cerebral thrombosis, cerebrovascular hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, cardiac arrest, heart failure, and hypertension. These events can occur during or after sexual activity.
Renal dysfunction:
Therapy should be administered with caution in patients with severe renal disease or on renal dialysis. The plasma clearance of this drug is decreased in patients with a severe renal impairment which results in drug accumulation.
Liver diseases:
The use of this drug is not recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment because the pharmacokinetic disposition of this drug has not been assessed in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
utyrostolLeodThe use of this drug can increase the effect of amyl nitrate because the combination of this drug may increase the effect of amyl nitrate and may increase the effect of nitrite.
The use of this medicine may result in a decrease in the amount of the product that is absorbed and a increase in the level of the drug in the blood. You may experience dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, headache, dizziness, or heart palpitations.
You should not take this medicine if you:
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